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Sources & notes

1. "Tempo," Wikipedia, in music, tempo is the speed or pace of a given composition, measured in beats per minute (BPM): a tempo of 60 beats per minute signifies one beat per second, while a tempo of 120 beats per minute is twice as rapid, signifying two beats every second. The note value of each beat is typically the one indicated by the denominator of the time signature. Tempo may be indicated by Italian markings, from slow ones such as largo and andante (at a walking pace) to fast ones such as allegro and presto, or by a metronome mark giving a specific BPM. Tempo markings can convey mood as well as speed, and a tempo need not be fixed: a composer may write an accelerando to speed up or a ritardando to slow down within a piece. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempo.
2. "Metronome," Wikipedia, a device that produces an audible click or other sound at a uniform interval that can be set by the user, typically in beats per minute. Musicians use a metronome to play or practise in time, keeping a steady tempo and a regular beat. A traditional mechanical metronome uses a weighted pendulum: sliding the weight up the rod slows the tempo and sliding it down speeds it up, and the mechanism produces a click with each swing. Johann Maelzel patented a mechanical metronome in 1815 and mass-produced it from 1816, building on an earlier spring-powered, inverted-pendulum design by Dietrich Nikolaus Winkel and adding a numerical tempo scale; modern metronomes also come as quartz electronic devices and software. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metronome.
3. Tempo Lock game engine: a pure, deterministic timing engine with no audio and no DOM. A target sets a tempo in beats per minute, a number of audible bars while a click plays, a number of silent bars to hold after it stops, and a beats-per-bar time-signature numerator (4 for 4/4). The click plays the target tempo for the audible bars, then cuts out, and the player must keep tapping the same tempo through the silent bars. The beat length in milliseconds is sixty thousand divided by the tempo; the total beat count is the audible plus silent bars times the beats per bar; and the silent phase starts at the audible bars times the beats per bar. The scoring functions take raw tap timestamps in milliseconds together with the target, so the same inputs always give the same result and the engine is testable without a clock. The tempo is recovered from the average interval between taps. Drift is the average distance of silent-phase taps from the nearest beat of an ideal grid anchored on the first tap and stepped at the target tempo; each silent-phase beat without a tap counts as a miss of half a beat, and with fewer than two taps the drift is half a beat. The score is 1000 at zero drift, falling linearly to 0 at a quarter of a beat, so the scale is relative to the tempo; the result grades are “Locked in!” at 850 or more, “Tight.” at 650 or more, “Wobbly.” at 350 or more, and “Lost the beat.” below that. Difficulty presets: Easy 70–100 BPM with 4 audible and 4 silent bars, Medium 90–130 with 4 and 6, Hard 110–170 with 4 and 8. The tempo is drawn from a seeded random number generator; Daily mode seeds it from the UTC date, Practice from a random number. Read from the game’s own source.
4. Further reading on Metronome, Re-examining Czerny’s and Moscheles’s Metronome Marks for Beethoven’s Piano Sonatas. doi.org.
5. Further reading on Metronome, Turn the Beat On: An Evidenced-Based Practice Journey Implementing Metronome Use in Emergency Department Cardiac Arrest . pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.